What is a 3D Model?
A 3D model is a digital representation of an asset, system or component that captures its physical geometry, spatial arrangement and structural relationships. In industrial environments, 3D models are used to depict both planned designs and existing as-built configurations, providing a visual and data-rich reference that supports engineering, construction, operational and maintenance activities.
Unlike traditional 2D drawings, 3D models offer an interactive environment that mirrors how equipment, piping and structures are physically connected in the real-life facility. This makes it easier for teams to understand how individual components fit into the larger facility. For example, engineers can test layouts before construction and managers can quickly identify potential risks or conflicts.
Why 3D Models Are Important
In industries that manage large and complex facilities, 3D models provide clarity that is difficult to achieve through drawings or isolated documents. They enable teams to:
- Visualize and validate designs before construction begins. This reduces costly field changes and helps team members understand constructability requirements (e.g., scaffolding, crane lifts, etc.).
- Plan maintenance and inspections with a clear understanding of equipment location and surrounding infrastructure, improving safety and efficiency.
- Support regulatory compliance by providing an accurate, accessible reference for audits, safety reviews and fugitive emissions.
- Facilitate collaboration across engineering, construction, operations and maintenance by creating a shared, consistent view of the asset.
The ability to see how components interact within a single environment helps teams make informed decisions, identify potential conflicts early and maintain a reliable representation of the physical asset throughout its lifecycle.
Types of 3D Models
The term “3D model” can refer to different types depending on where it is applied within an asset’s lifecycle, including the following:
- Design & Construction Models: Developed during the engineering phase, these models support clash detection, procurement, constructability analysis and fabrication planning.
- As-Built Models: Updated to reflect the final installed configuration after construction is completed, capturing any field changes or deviations from design.
- As-Maintained Models: Continuously updated throughout operations and maintenance activities to ensure the digital representation matches the current physical state of the asset.
Each type serves a specific purpose, and maintaining accuracy as an industrial asset transitions through these phases is critical to ensuring its reliability.
How 3D Models Work
3D models work by combining visual geometry with structured data to create a detailed digital representation of an asset.
- Geometry is modeled first using specialized software to capture the shape, dimensions and location of each component.
- Objects are defined as individual elements (pumps, valves, pipes, structural beams) so they can be manipulated, updated or replaced without affecting the entire model. All of these elements in the model are dimensionally accurate to the real-life object.
- Metadata is attached to these objects, linking them to equipment tags, specifications and related documents. This allows users to select an item in the model and view its technical details instantly.
- Relationships are maintained between objects, so the model reflects how systems are physically connected. This makes it possible to understand the impact of changes, such as replacing a pump or rerouting a pipe.
- Updates are incorporated as construction progresses or maintenance work is completed so that the model accurately reflects the current state of the asset.
- VR/AR allows team members to virtually interact with the model. This allows remote access for design or safety reviews, maintainability, and collaboration on current and future projects.
By combining visual accuracy with embedded data, 3D models function as navigable digital environments rather than static images.
This allows teams to explore assets virtually, access related technical information in context and make decisions with a clearer understanding of how components interact within the facility.
